Private LTE/5G can be based on licensed, unlicensed, or shared spectrum. Unlicensed spectrum such as 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz, are available internationally as defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Any organization can operate private LTE/5G networks in unlicensed spectrum, such as the UNII-3 band used for Wi-Fi (e.g. MulteFire). These frequencies which are generally free of charge, are fundamental to our digital economy. Licensed spectrum are mainly allocated to mobile network operators who can license their spectrum to any end-user organization. Shared license spectrum allows any organization to operate a private LTE/5G network using these “lightly licensed” but shared spectrum (e.g. CBRS in the US). There are a number of countries which currently provide shared license spectrum usage, while the rest are still studying its need and value. Access to the shared license spectrum requires a management system, such as the CBRS spectrum access system (SAS), to avoid interference between incumbents and users sharing the spectrum. The following table provides a global snapshot of spectrum optimized for industrial IoT and private network use: